In this post we will see exactly how we can check if a SSL certificate hasn’t been tampered with.
We will use https://google.com as an example and we’re manually going to check that the certificate’s digital signature is valid. Other important steps such as traversing the entire chain is beyond the scope of this simple example. Certificates don’t remain valid forever, so today you will get different ones. For sake of reproduction. I’ve included the ones I used later on in this post.
When I browsed to Google, it returned 2 certificates to my browser:
- Its own certificate
- The certificate of the intermediate CA that signed Google’s certificate
We’re going to use the following approach to check the signature on Google’s certificate:
- Retrieve the digital signature included in Google’s certificate.
- Retrieve the intermediate CA’s public-key from the CA’s certificate.
- Decrypt the digital signature in Google’s certificate using the public-key from the intermediate CA. Now we have the hash value that the intermediate CA calculated at the time when it signed Google’s certificate.
- Calculate the hash value of Google’s certificate ourself
- Compare the two hash values. If they are the same, then Google’s certificate has not changed since it was signed and therefore we consider it to be valid
Retrieve the signature from Google’s certificate
Google’s certificate is listed further on in this post. Its in the PEM format which is just a base64 encoded representation of a X.509 certificate. I decoded it back into ‘plain old’ bytes and then I had the ASN.1 DER encoded version of the certificate. Using an ASN.1 viewer I can see that the entire X.509 file has the following structure.
SEQUENCE(3 elem) SEQUENCE(8 elem) <-- Google's part of the certificate. It contains 8 things, which I'm not showing here SEQUENCE(2 elem) <-- 2 elements that say which algorithm the intermediate CA used to sign Google's part of the certificate. Its a SHA1 with RSA encryption BIT STRING(2048 bit) <-- Intermediate CA's signature
So the last 2048 bits (256 bytes) contain the signature of the certificate. Below is the hex representation of those bytes:
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
By the way. If you're doing these steps too and using an ASN.1 viewer, you might have noticed that I skipped the first byte of the contents. That's because its a BITSTRING and the following quote from the ITU-T X.690 specification implies that the content starts with a byte thats not really part of the content
The initial octet shall encode, as an unsigned binary integer with bit 1 as the least significant bit, the number of unused bits in the final subsequent octet. The number shall be in the range zero to seven.
Retrieve the intermediate CA's public-key from the CA's certificate
The CA's public-key is stored somewhere in the the middle of its certificate (not Google's certificate). Here I used the same trick of using an ASN.1 viewer to figure out which part of the ASN.1 contained the key.
The modulo is
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
There are 2 odd things about this modulo. I know that its a 2048 bit / 256 byte key. However I have 257 bytes. You might think that we're running into that BITSTRING thing again here, but that's not the case as the ASN.1 tag specifies that the modulo element is an INTEGER. Whats really going on is that the RSA modulo is a 2048 bit unsigned number and that's serialized with an extra leading byte to indicate that its unsigned.
The exponent is:
01 00 01
Decrypt the signature from Google’s certificate
We know the intermediate CA's public key and we know the bytes that contain the signature of the certificate. So now we can do an RSA decyption on those bytes and voila, we will have the hash that the intermediate CA calculated during the signing process.
I used the following snippet of Python to do this. But most languages should be able to do this:
#Decrypt the signature from the certificate using the intermediate CA's public RSA key modulo = 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exponent = 0x010001 signature = 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ntermediateCAsHash = pow(signature, exponent, modulo) bytesOfHash = IntermediateCAsHash.to_bytes(sys.getsizeof(IntermediateCAsHash),byteorder='big', signed=False) print ( "%s" % ''.join(format(x, '02X') for x in bytesOfHash ))
Running this code, gave me the following output ( I manually added line breaks, so remove them if you ever copy/paste this somewhere):
00000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000001FFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF003021300906052B0E03021A 05000414F8F3D8AACF7E27B2F66A2231 C3240682A15ADFF6
The 0000...1FFF...FF00
part is an RSA Encryption Block Type 1 from the PKCS#1 standard and isn't really part of the data that the intermediate CA wanted to encrypt. We can ignore it and focus on the 3021300906052B0E03021A05000414F8F3D8AACF7E27B2F66A2231C3240682A15ADFF6
part. This part is an ASN.1 DER encoded data-structure defined in RFC2313 as:
DigestInfo ::= SEQUENCE { digestAlgorithm DigestAlgorithmIdentifier, digest Digest } DigestAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier Digest ::= OCTET STRING
The AlgorithmIdentifier
is defined in RFC 5280 as
AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER, parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL }
So this means we should get:
SEQUENCE(2 elements) SEQUENCE(2 elements) OBJECT IDENTIFIER NULL (see RFC2313) OCTET STRING
And indeed when we use the ASN.1 decoder we get the following output:
SEQUENCE(2 elem) SEQUENCE(2 elem) OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.14.3.2.26 sha1(OIW) NULL OCTET STRING(20 byte) F8F3D8AACF7E27B2F66A2231C3240682A15ADFF6
So, now we know that the hash value calculated by the intermediate CA is
F8F3D8AACF7E27B2F66A2231C3240682A15ADFF6
Calculate the hash value of Google's certificate ourself
Now we are going to repeat the same hash calculation that the intermediate CA did a long time ago. We will:
- Need to extract the bytes that represents Google's part of the certificate.This may NOT include any of bytes that hold the digital signature itself.
- Run a SHA1 hash calculation on it.
The following python code does that and when I run it, it prints
F8F3D8AACF7E27B2F66A2231C3240682A15ADFF6
.
So we conclude that Google's certificate has not been tampered with!
import base64 import hashlib def showSha1HashOfCertificate(bashe64EncodedCert): #Before doing the base64 decoding, we need to remove the 1st and last lines certificateWithoutCommentLines = bashe64EncodedCert.replace("-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----","").replace("----END CERTIFICATE-----","") bytesOfCertificate = base64.b64decode(certificateWithoutCommentLines) #The hash is calculated over the bytes that resulted from DER encoding the part that the X.509 specs #refer as the 'tbsCertificate' field of the entire certificate. #Using the ASN.1 viewer I see that the tbsCertificate (the first member of the sequence) starts at offset 4 and its length is 4 + 1453 bytes bytesOftbsCertificatePart = bytesOfCertificate[4: 1461] sha1Hasher = hashlib.sha1() sha1Hasher.update(bytesOftbsCertificatePart) ourHash = sha1Hasher.digest(); print ("%s" % ''.join(format(x, '02X') for x in ourHash )) googlesBashe64EncodedCert = """ -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIGxTCCBa2gAwIBAgIIVGohyFSBd4owDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwSTELMAkGA1UE ... I removed a lot of the lines for brevity rsT9wcmpaGvo -----END CERTIFICATE----- """ showSha1HashOfCertificate(googlesBashe64EncodedCert)
The certificates
Below is the certificate for Google (its a big one!)
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIGxTCCBa2gAwIBAgIIVGohyFSBd4owDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwSTELMAkGA1UE BhMCVVMxEzARBgNVBAoTCkdvb2dsZSBJbmMxJTAjBgNVBAMTHEdvb2dsZSBJbnRl cm5ldCBBdXRob3JpdHkgRzIwHhcNMTUwNDA4MTM0MDEwWhcNMTUwNzA3MDAwMDAw WjBmMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECAwKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTEWMBQGA1UEBwwN TW91bnRhaW4gVmlldzETMBEGA1UECgwKR29vZ2xlIEluYzEVMBMGA1UEAwwMKi5n b29nbGUuY29tMFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEy93BzqzWIF9fj2sq ckQqqm8/USjGY97ncLJMtkAmzNVQ4HGC3pZlYdCTkq89JsFD1UfX81ynnPaQnDtT QTZs/KOCBF0wggRZMB0GA1UdJQQWMBQGCCsGAQUFBwMBBggrBgEFBQcDAjCCAyYG A1UdEQSCAx0wggMZggwqLmdvb2dsZS5jb22CDSouYW5kcm9pZC5jb22CFiouYXBw ZW5naW5lLmdvb2dsZS5jb22CEiouY2xvdWQuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbYIWKi5nb29nbGUt YW5hbHl0aWNzLmNvbYILKi5nb29nbGUuY2GCCyouZ29vZ2xlLmNsgg4qLmdvb2ds ZS5jby5pboIOKi5nb29nbGUuY28uanCCDiouZ29vZ2xlLmNvLnVrgg8qLmdvb2ds ZS5jb20uYXKCDyouZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS5hdYIPKi5nb29nbGUuY29tLmJygg8qLmdv b2dsZS5jb20uY2+CDyouZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS5teIIPKi5nb29nbGUuY29tLnRygg8q Lmdvb2dsZS5jb20udm6CCyouZ29vZ2xlLmRlggsqLmdvb2dsZS5lc4ILKi5nb29n bGUuZnKCCyouZ29vZ2xlLmh1ggsqLmdvb2dsZS5pdIILKi5nb29nbGUubmyCCyou Z29vZ2xlLnBsggsqLmdvb2dsZS5wdIISKi5nb29nbGVhZGFwaXMuY29tgg8qLmdv b2dsZWFwaXMuY26CFCouZ29vZ2xlY29tbWVyY2UuY29tghEqLmdvb2dsZXZpZGVv LmNvbYIMKi5nc3RhdGljLmNugg0qLmdzdGF0aWMuY29tggoqLmd2dDEuY29tggoq Lmd2dDIuY29tghQqLm1ldHJpYy5nc3RhdGljLmNvbYIMKi51cmNoaW4uY29tghAq LnVybC5nb29nbGUuY29tghYqLnlvdXR1YmUtbm9jb29raWUuY29tgg0qLnlvdXR1 YmUuY29tghYqLnlvdXR1YmVlZHVjYXRpb24uY29tggsqLnl0aW1nLmNvbYILYW5k cm9pZC5jb22CBGcuY2+CBmdvby5nbIIUZ29vZ2xlLWFuYWx5dGljcy5jb22CCmdv b2dsZS5jb22CEmdvb2dsZWNvbW1lcmNlLmNvbYIKdXJjaGluLmNvbYIIeW91dHUu YmWCC3lvdXR1YmUuY29tghR5b3V0dWJlZWR1Y2F0aW9uLmNvbTALBgNVHQ8EBAMC B4AwaAYIKwYBBQUHAQEEXDBaMCsGCCsGAQUFBzAChh9odHRwOi8vcGtpLmdvb2ds ZS5jb20vR0lBRzIuY3J0MCsGCCsGAQUFBzABhh9odHRwOi8vY2xpZW50czEuZ29v Z2xlLmNvbS9vY3NwMB0GA1UdDgQWBBRywGdPXVe4yyyclgSRP628eGqncDAMBgNV HRMBAf8EAjAAMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFErdBhYbvPZotXb1gba7Yhq6WoEvMBcGA1Ud IAQQMA4wDAYKKwYBBAHWeQIFATAwBgNVHR8EKTAnMCWgI6Ahhh9odHRwOi8vcGtp Lmdvb2dsZS5jb20vR0lBRzIuY3JsMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4IBAQA0i31kWmQI Wx/22G3zVID52RPq2wkhC350Ard3n3MAd8fHkmp6lT3NgUw14wYIwCWGoiB5X5Za 8Ol/POXDLnI0/WJZeC5Ee/9z9jGXl8qNseuNClgRn7B5Tvg6zNjkWJXJH9ype7gv tCWBHopM8NQVlGGKVmO/d0rJzi27l5jm5btsXM7Gi4DZPoxnSDlLOCLeQ3xPuTvP MCcjrNTZ7Kx1/6SZPVWcEsLhciiskXlCsWZtmUjGxC+tGw6494qws4pbOS+F572/ 6X/XU0Jpy7j+IrA+8wVRRmjc5JFoOx3WhS2+6cIenJ6VW0HnB4rLcislVc7L3q1g rsT9wcmpaGvo -----END CERTIFICATE-----
And here we have the certificate of the intermediate CA that signed the above certificate:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIID8DCCAtigAwIBAgIDAjp2MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMEIxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVT MRYwFAYDVQQKEw1HZW9UcnVzdCBJbmMuMRswGQYDVQQDExJHZW9UcnVzdCBHbG9i YWwgQ0EwHhcNMTMwNDA1MTUxNTU1WhcNMTYxMjMxMjM1OTU5WjBJMQswCQYDVQQG EwJVUzETMBEGA1UEChMKR29vZ2xlIEluYzElMCMGA1UEAxMcR29vZ2xlIEludGVy bmV0IEF1dGhvcml0eSBHMjCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEB AJwqBHdc2FCROgajguDYUEi8iT/xGXAaiEZ+4I/F8YnOIe5a/mENtzJEiaB0C1NP VaTOgmKV7utZX8bhBYASxF6UP7xbSDj0U/ck5vuR6RXEz/RTDfRK/J9U3n2+oGtv h8DQUB8oMANA2ghzUWx//zo8pzcGjr1LEQTrfSTe5vn8MXH7lNVg8y5Kr0LSy+rE ahqyzFPdFUuLH8gZYR/Nnag+YyuENWllhMgZxUYi+FOVvuOAShDGKuy6lyARxzmZ EASg8GF6lSWMTlJ14rbtCMoU/M4iarNOz0YDl5cDfsCx3nuvRTPPuj5xt970JSXC DTWJnZ37DhF5iR43xa+OcmkCAwEAAaOB5zCB5DAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBTAephojYn7 qwVkDBF9qn1luMrMTjAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUSt0GFhu89mi1dvWBtrtiGrpagS8wEgYD VR0TAQH/BAgwBgEB/wIBADAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCAQYwNQYDVR0fBC4wLDAqoCig JoYkaHR0cDovL2cuc3ltY2IuY29tL2NybHMvZ3RnbG9iYWwuY3JsMC4GCCsGAQUF BwEBBCIwIDAeBggrBgEFBQcwAYYSaHR0cDovL2cuc3ltY2QuY29tMBcGA1UdIAQQ MA4wDAYKKwYBBAHWeQIFATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAJ4zP6cc7vsBv6JaE +5xcXZDkd9uLMmCbZdiFJrW6nx7eZE4fxsggWwmfq6ngCTRFomUlNz1/Wm8gzPn6 8R2PEAwCOsTJAXaWvpv5Fdg50cUDR3a4iowx1mDV5I/b+jzG1Zgo+ByPF5E0y8tS etH7OiDk4Yax2BgPvtaHZI3FCiVCUe+yOLjgHdDh/Ob0r0a678C/xbQF9ZR1DP6i vgK66oZb+TWzZvXFjYWhGiN3GhkXVBNgnwvhtJwoKvmuAjRtJZOcgqgXe/GFsNMP WOH7sf6coaPo/ck/9Ndx3L2MpBngISMjVROPpBYCCX65r+7bU2S9cS+5Oc4wt7S8 VOBHBw== -----END CERTIFICATE-----